11 best non-custodial wallets (2024)

Compare some of the best non-custodial crypto wallets for secure self-custody of your digital assets.

Each year, we conduct an extensive review of the best non-custodial wallets available in Australia. To arrive at our picks, we review the best non-custodial wallets on the market for overall safety, functionality, cost and supported digital assets — including coins, tokens and NFTs.

The safest non-custodial wallets are hardware wallets, but we've included a range of options to help you weigh up which is best for your needs.

Finder's best non-custodial wallets for 2024

This is not an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade or use any services.

1. Trezor Model T – Best non-custodial wallet overall

Trezor Model T Wallet

★★★★★
Finder score
$77.20
Price (USD)
1,000+
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type

The Trezor Model T gets our pick for best hard wallet overall wallet because it’s both secure, dynamic and feature-rich.

The wallet has multisignature – or multisig – capabilities. Multisig provides an added layer of protection for Bitcoin, as multiple stakeholders must sign off on transactions.

And the device’s large, colorful touch screen makes signing off on transactions easy.

The Trezor Model T also supports Taproot — an upgrade to the privacy of the Bitcoin network. It also reduces transaction fees and allows users to engage with BTC smart contracts.

You can also utilize the novel Shamir backup system with your Model T. This feature distributes your recovery phrase across multiple recovery shares, which can be stored in different locations for added security.

Finally, if you want to stake cryptos like solana (SOL) or algorand (ALGO), you can sync your device with the desktop version Exodus Wallet, which you can then use as an interface to stake up to 7 different crypto assets.

Trezor Model T Wallet markets interface

Pros
  • Manage over 1,000 crypto assets
  • Run up to 100 blockchain apps simultaneously
  • Highly secure - no Ledger device has ever been hacked
  • Can be synced with third-party wallets like MetaMask to use with DeFi apps
  • Android and iOS compatibility
  • Bluetooth functionality
Cons
  • Pricier than alternatives
  • Can't stake many cryptos via Ledger Live - need to use third-party apps for maximum coverage
  • Closed-source software

2. Trezor Model One – Best value non-custodial wallet

Trezor Model One Wallet

★★★★★
Finder score
$49
Price (USD)
1,000+
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type

For only $49, the Trezor Model One — the original hardware wallet — is a dependable cold-storage device that still lets you put your digital assets to work.

The first iteration of the Model One came to market in 2014, in the wake of the infamous Mt. Gox hack, in which millions of dollars worth of bitcoin (BTC) was stolen.

Many crypto investors learned the hard way in that hack that if you don’t hold the private keys to your crypto, it technically isn’t your crypto. “Not your keys, not your coins,” as crypto enthusiasts like to say.

So, for 12 years, the Trezor One has been a go to for private key management for many crypto enthusiasts.

And the latest edition the device with the desktop version of Exodus Wallet to stake up to 7 different cryptos.

The Trezor Model One has evolved while the device has continued to be affordable. Trezor Model One Wallet markets interface

Pros
  • Affordably priced
  • Manage over 1,000 crypto assets
  • Run up to 100 blockchain apps simultaneously
  • Highly secure - no Ledger device has ever been hacked
  • Can be synced with third-party software like MetaMask
  • Store NFTs on the device
Cons
  • Can't stake many cryptos via Ledger Live
  • Not compatible with iOS
  • No Bluetooth functionality
  • Closed-source software

3. Exodus – Best non-custodial wallet for beginners

Exodus Wallet

Exodus Wallet

Free download
Price (USD)
1,000+
Assets
Mobile
Desktop
Web3
Wallet type

Exodus Wallet is a software wallet for desktop and mobile that provides access to a wide range of cryptocurrencies. While many wallets only let you manage coins on a single network, Exodus supports assets on blockchains including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana. This all-in-one functionality makes it our top wallet pick for beginners.

The wallet has added features like a portfolio overview that help you to oversee your holdings. And if you'd like to top up your portfolio, you can use the wallet's built-in exchange to swap your digital assets.

You can also stake cryptos like Algorand (ALGO) and Cosmos (ATOM) through Exodus.

For added security, you can store the keys to your assets on a Trezor hardware wallet, making it easy to upgrade from one to the other if you decide to go pro.

One of Exodus's most beginner-friendly features is its highly-responsive support staff. If you email them for support, you can expect to hear back within an hour.

Pros
  • Easy-to-use interface
  • Supports tokens and coins from a variety of blockchains
  • Can be used as an interface for Trezor hardware wallets
  • Great customer support
Cons
  • Less secure than a hardware wallet
  • Doesn't support 2-factor authentication

4. NGRAVE ZERO — Safest non-custodial crypto wallet

NGRAVE ZERO

$398
Price (USD)
3,500+
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type

The NGRAVE ZERO is a non-custodial crypto hardware wallet with an EAL7 rating — the highest security rating such a device can earn.

It’s fully air-gapped and allows you to securely store the private keys to digital assets like bitcoin (BTC), ether (ETH), and MATIC as well as ERC-20 or MultiversX (ESDT) tokens offline 100% of the time.

When you want to sign crypto transactions, you use the device in conjunction with the NGRAVE LIQUID app, which is available for both Android and iOS devices.

Downsides to the device include the fact that you can’t use it to stake assets or to interact with DeFi protocols, and it doesn’t support some popular cryptos including cardano (ADA) or polkadot (DOT).

Pros
  • EAL 7 certification &mdash
  • the highest level of certification for protection against hacks
  • Enables air-gapped signing for crypto transactions
  • Randomized generation of private keys offline during set up
  • Hi-resolution 4&rdquo
  • color LCD touchscreen
  • Easy to use LIQUID companion app
  • Sturdy physical build
Cons
  • Expensive
  • Doesn&rsquo
  • t support staking or DeFi
  • The device&rsquo
  • s code isn&rsquo
  • t completely open-source

5. Coinbase Wallet – Best non-custodial exchange wallet

Coinbase Wallet

Free download
Price (USD)
450,000+
Assets
Mobile
Desktop
Web browser
Wallet type

The Coinbase Wallet doesn't require a Coinbase account to use it but verified account holders can connect directly to Coinbase's exchange to buy crypto. This seamless integration makes it our pick for the best non-custodial exchange wallet.

The Coinbase Wallet can be downloaded as a mobile app or browser extension and features an easy-to-navigate UI consistent with the Coinbase exchange. The wallet is automatically configured to support many blockchains, including all EVM-compatible chains and Solana.

Security on the Coinbase wallet is consistent with the industry standard for non-custodial wallets, which means it does come with some counterparty risk. If convenience and easy access to your funds on Coinbase is important to you, then this exchange wallet has a lot to offer.

Pros
  • Sync directly to Coinbase exchange
  • Mobile app and browser extension
  • Preconfigured blockchains
  • Purchase with selected fiats in-wallet
  • Coinbase company backing
Cons
  • Fee for coin swaps in the wallet
  • No DEX in the wallet, you must connect to an external exchange

6. MetaMask – Best non-custodial Web3 wallet

MetaMask Wallet

Free download
Price (USD)
500,000+
Assets
Mobile
Web browser
Wallet type

With over 30 million monthly active users at the time of writing, MetaMask is a crowd favourite and considered the go to for Web3 apps, making it an easy choice for best non-custodial Web3 wallet.

MetaMask was one of the first non-custodial wallets to help open the door to the world of Web3 and DeFi. Operating on both desktop and mobile devices, MetaMask lets you connect to dApps, store NFTs and digital assets and trade cryptos across several different blockchains.

A key feature behind the popularity of MetaMask's Web3 wallet is the ability to buy and sell cryptos without providing any personal information. To start trading on DeFi exchanges you simply install the app or browser extension and log in using your private seed phrase.

Your MetaMask seed phrase acts as a password, login and proof of ownership all in one. Your information is not stored on any database and asset ownership is entirely in your hands; an important element of decentralisation.

Pros
  • Easy to set up and install
  • No personal identification required
  • Supports multiple blockchains, including testnets for dApp development
  • Supports NFTs on multiple blockchains
Cons
  • No native Bitcoin support
  • Incorrect storage of private keys can result in hacks and lost funds
  • Limited technical support

7. COLDCARD Mk4 — Best non-custodial wallet for Bitcoin

COLDCARD Mk4

$157.94
Price (USD)
1
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type

As a specialist Bitcoin cold storage wallet, the COLDCARD Mk4 doesn't have as many of the features of Ledger or Trezor devices, but it does keep the private keys to your BTC stored securely offline.

The COLDCARD Mk4 was created by cypherpunks — technologists who advocate for privacy-enhancing cryptography — for Bitcoin maximalists.

The COLDCARD Mk4 uses not one but two Secure Element chips — the same type of chip found in passports and credit cards — to protect the private keys to your Bitcoin.

Using the Sparrow Wallet desktop software and a microSD card, you can send Bitcoin to and from your COLDCARD Mk4 without ever plugging the device in. The obvious downside to this is that you'll have to purchase a microSD card adapter for your computer if you plan to transfer data this way.

Pros
  • Highly secure
  • Contains 2 Secure Element chips
  • Doesn't require a connection to computer
  • Features a high-contrast 128 x 64 pixel screen for messaging
  • Multisig enabled
Cons
  • Only supports BTC
  • The user interface for Sparrow Wallet is less intuitive than competitor alternatives
  • You will have to purchase a microSD card adapter for your computer if you prefer to transfer data via the card

8. Sparrow Wallet — Best non-custodial desktop wallet for Bitcoin

Sparrow Wallet

Sparrow Wallet

Free download
Price (USD)
1
Assets
Desktop
Wallet type

Sparrow is a Bitcoin-only desktop wallet that offers various functionalities.

You can either use it exclusively as a hot wallet, or you can use it as an interface for a hardware wallet. It works great with a wallet like the COLDCARD Mk4.

If you’re an advanced Bitcoiner, you can also use Sparrow to create a multisig (short for multisignature) vault, which requires multiple parties or devices to sign off on Bitcoin transactions. Multisig vaults provide extra protection for the bitcoin you HODL.

Also, Sparrow lets you connect to any Bitcoin node that you may be running.

However you use Sparrow, its capabilities combined with its clean and simple interface make it a go-to for any level of Bitcoin enthusiast.

Pros
  • Can be used as a hot wallet or in conjunction with a hardware wallet
  • Supports multisig vaults
  • Lets you label transactions
  • Can connect to any type of Bitcoin node
Cons
  • There is no mobile app version of the wallet
  • Using the wallet&rsquo
  • s advanced features can be challenging
  • Reported slow customer support response times

9. Ledger Nano S Plus — Best non-custodial wallet for staking

Ledger Nano S Plus Wallet

★★★★★
Finder score
$79
Price (USD)
5,500+
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type

The Ledger Nano S Plus can be used to stake a variety of crypto assets.

You can use the native Ledger Live interface with any Ledger hardware wallet to stake 9 different cryptos – including ether (ETH) and solana (SOL).

To stake an even greater assortment of digital assets, you can sync your Nano S Plus hardware wallet with third-party apps like MetaMask or Yoroi and use these software wallets as a bridge to staking interfaces.

However, please note that there’s risk involved with using third-party apps in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space. Malicious code was recently introduced into the software that allows DeFi protocols to connect to Ledger wallets, resulting in $484,000 worth of Ledger users’ digital assets being stolen.

No assets that were staked via Ledger Live — without third-party software — were impacted.

Also, keep in mind that Ledger’s software is closed-source. This means that it’s not open to independent scrutiny, and you must place some degree of trust in the manufacturer.

Pros
  • Manage over 5,500 crypto assets
  • Stake up to 9 cryptos via Ledger Live
  • Can be synced with third-party software apps like MetaMask
Cons
  • Not compatible with iOS
  • Ledger&rsquo
  • s software has been hacked
  • Closed-sourced software

10. Ledger Nano X — Best on-the-go non-custodial hardware wallet

Ledger Nano X Wallet

★★★★★
Finder score
$149
Price (USD)
5,500+
Assets
Hardware
Wallet type
Free shipping

The Ledger Nano X is a USB-style hardware wallet that’s Bluetooth enabled and can be used in conjunction with either Android or iOS mobile devices.

This makes it a great travel companion, as it allows you to carry with you the private keys to 5,500 crypto assets as well as NFTs.

And you can stake up to 9 crypto assets using the device’s native software — Ledger Live — which is available for both desktop and mobile devices.

Mind you, while Ledger devices have not had any recorded security breaches, the software is closed-source. This means that it is not open to independent scrutiny, and you must place some degree of trust in the manufacturer.

Pros
  • Manage over 5,500 crypto assets
  • Stake up to 9 cryptos via Ledger Live
  • Can be synced with third-party software apps like MetaMask
Cons
  • Not compatible with iOS
  • Ledger&rsquo
  • s software has been hacked
  • Closed-sourced software

11. XDEFI Wallet – Best non-custodial wallet for NFTs

XDEFI Wallet

XDEFI Wallet

Free download
Price (USD)
10,000+
Assets
Web browser
Wallet type

XDEFI is a blockchain-agnostic wallet that lets you showcase NFTs from more than 30 different blockchains side-by-side. It's this breadth that's made it our top pick if you're looking for a dedicated non-custodial NFT wallet.

The wallet's streamlined, cross-chain UI makes sending, receiving and trading NFTs and cryptos across blockchains simple and user-friendly.

Once the browser extension is installed, accounts can be set up directly in XDEFI or imported from external wallets. Preconfigured blockchains include ETH, BNB Chain, Arbitrum, Thorchain, Bitcoin and more.

XDEFI also gives you the ability to complete in-wallet swaps and purchase cryptos using any currency through its fiat onramp.

Holders of the wallet's own token, XDEFI, can stake their holdings to earn trading rebates and collect utility NFTs.

Pros
  • View NFTs and assets across different blockchains in a single gallery
  • Easily import custom tokens
  • Earn rewards through staking XDEFI token
  • Swap crypto assets across chains using the internal swap feature
Cons
  • Value of staking incentives depends on performance of the XDEFI token
  • Sell-to-fiat feature not currently supported
  • Browser extension only, mobile app not available
  • Sometimes balances take hours to appear in the wallet interface

Bonus: Billfodl — Best recovery phrase backup device

Billfodl

$89
Price (USD)
N/A
Assets
Seed backup device
Wallet type
Free shipping

We chose to give Billfoldl an honourable mention as the best recovery phrase backup device because it helps protect your chosen hardware wallet's recovery phrase from fire, flooding and any type of decay.

Most hardware wallets will prompt you to write down your recovery phrase on a sheet of paper when you set up your wallet. But if your recovery phrase sheet gets damaged or lost, you can lose access to your crypto – permanently.

Billfodl is a solid steel case that allows you to stamp your 24-word recovery phrase using metal tiles engraved with letters.

The tiles slide into three different rows on both sides of the device, and the device comes with a cover that swivels over your recovery phrase once you've properly arranged the tiles.

It's worth considering the added layer of security and peace of mind afforded by recovery phrase backup devices like Billfodl if you invest in a hardware wallet.

Pros
  • Preserves your recovery phrase much better than paper and pen solutions
  • Reasonably priced
Cons
  • Slightly bulky design
  • Sliding tiles into place can be a clumsy experience

What is a non-custodial wallet?

A non-custodial wallet is a crypto wallet that you use to store the private keys to the digital assets that you own.

A common misconception about non-custodial wallets is that your digital assets are stored in the wallet. This isn't the case, though. The wallet stores your private keys to your digital assets, which are stored on blockchains.

You'll know you are using a non-custodial wallet if you've written down a 12- to 24-word seed phrase – sometimes called a recovery phrase – for the wallet when you set it up.

This seed phrase is what you would use to recover your wallet in the event that you ever lost the physical device and needed to recover the private keys stored in the wallet.

Some non-custodial wallets are software wallets, which remain connected to the internet at all times. Examples of non-custodial software wallets include Exodus Wallet and MetaMask.

Other non-custodial wallets are hardware wallets, which remain mostly disconnected from the internet. These wallets include Ledger, Trezor and COLDCARD devices. You only connect them when you need to use the wallet.

The offline storage of private keys that hardware wallets provide is sometimes called cold storage.

Why are non-custodial wallets important?

When you leave the crypto you've purchased in the custody of a centralized exchange like Coinbase or Binance, you don't technically own it. Instead, you only own an IOU for it, and that IOU is only as good as the solvency of the exchange that holds it for you.

Crypto has a chequered history when it comes to insolvent exchanges, including high profile cases like Mt Gox and FTX. While security has improved over time, there will always be a risk associated with leaving your crypto on an exchange.

To actually take ownership of the digital assets you've purchased, you have to move the assets from the custody of an exchange to a non-custodial wallet — a wallet that lets you hold your assets' private keys.

When using non-custodial wallets, it’s good practice to pair any software wallet with a hardware wallet for added security and to use multisignature protection when possible.

🔑 What is a private key?

A private key is sometimes referred to as a secret key.

Private keys are long, randomly generated strings of letters and numbers that cannot easily be guessed. They can be used to access cryptographically encoded information when paired with a public key counterpart.

Private keys should be stored securely in secret locations.

Custodial vs. non-custodial wallets

The following are some differences between custodial and non-custodial wallets.

Custodial walletsNon-custodial wallets
  • The private keys to digital assets are held by a third party (e.g. a crypto exchange)
  • Sometimes referred to as "hot wallets", these are always connected to the internet
  • They do not require you to write down a 12- to 24-word seed recovery phrase
  • Funds stored in custodial wallets are technically IOUs and are only as good as the solvency of the custodian's company
  • The private keys to digital assets are held by the owner of the assets
  • The hardware versions of these wallets are sometimes referred to as "cold storage wallets", as they remain mostly disconnected from the internet
  • They require you to write down a 12- to 24-word seed recovery phrase
  • Funds stored in a non-custodial wallet are the actual digital assets, which can be accessed via the blockchain

How do I know if I'm using a non-custodial wallet?

You'll know that you are using a non-custodial wallet if you've written down a 12- to 24-word seed phrase – or recovery phrase – when setting up the wallet.

If you weren't prompted to write down such a phrase, then you are using a custodial wallet and the private keys to your digital assets aren't in your control.

Non-custodial wallet pros and cons

Pros
  • Having actual ownership of your digital assets
  • Not relying on the solvency of a third-party custodian (e.g. a centralised crypto exchange)
  • Being able to use your digital assets in decentralised applications (dapps)
Cons
  • You bear full personal responsibility for managing the private keys to your digital assets
  • There may be an initial cost to you if you decide to purchase a hardware wallet

How to choose the best non-custodial wallet

There are a number of factors to consider when choosing the best non-custodial wallet for your needs.

  • Software vs hardware. Custodial software wallets are always connected to the internet and are therefore less secure. Non-custodial hardware wallets remain mostly disconnected from the internet and are therefore more secure.
  • Price. Non-custodial software wallets are often free to download, while you have to purchase a non-custodial hardware wallet.
  • Features. Consider whether you want to do more than just hold the private keys to your digital assets in your own custody. Some non-custodial wallets allow you to stake your digital assets or put them to work through dapps.
  • User interface (UI). You might want to test a few non-custodial wallets out or watch some YouTube videos on them before deciding on which has the UI that's right for you.

Ask the experts: What are the most important features in a crypto wallet, besides security?

Risks of using a non-custodial wallet

Consider the following risks in using a non-custodial wallet:

  • Personal responsibility. You bear the responsibility of writing down and securely storing your 12- to 24-word seed phrase.
  • Sending assets to the wrong address. You run the risk of potentially transferring your assets to the wrong address when trying to send them.
  • Inputting wrong passcode. It's possible to get locked out of a hardware wallet if you enter the wrong passcode for it enough times. In this case, you'd have to purchase a new hardware wallet and regain access to the private keys for your digital assets by using your 12- to 24-word seed phrase when setting up the new wallet.
  • Internet connectivity. Software wallets are always connected to the internet, and, for that reason, can more easily be hacked. Also, if the code for a software wallet is closed-source, you are placing trust in the creator of that wallet to not extract your private keys and, therefore, gain access to the digital assets you manage via the wallet.
  • Software vulnerabilities. Hardware wallets are generally more secure than software wallets in that they remain disconnected from the internet when they aren’t in use, while some never have to be connected to the internet. However, if you use a hardware wallet that has native software — like a Ledger or Trezor wallet — there is always the risk that your private keys can be extracted through an issue with the underlying software.For extra safety, it’s best to create a multisignature — or “multisig” — set up in which you use two or more wallets to sign transactions and protect your crypto.

Bottom line

If you choose to take personal responsibility for the private keys to the digital assets you've purchased, you'll need to learn how to use a non-custodial wallet.

Taking self-custody of the private keys to your digital assets can be an empowering experience, but it's important to do your research to choose the non-custodial wallet that's best for you.

You'll need to consider a number of factors like whether you'd like to use a software or hardware wallet as well as which features you'd like your non-custodial wallet to have.

By building a deeper understanding of secure digital asset storage and comparing a number of the best crypto wallets on the market, you'll be in a better position to keep your crypto investments safe.

Methodology

To evaluate our 2024 picks for the best non-custodial wallets, we compared wallets on a range of criteria, including the following:

  • Supported cryptos and blockchains. Is the wallet compatible with a wide variety of coins, tokens and blockchains?
  • User experience. Is there a steep learning curve to using the wallet, or is it suitable for beginner crypto investors?
  • Security. Does the wallet offer offline cold storage or other seed-phrase back-up options?
  • Value for money. Does the wallet have any upfront or ongoing costs, and if so, how does it compare to similar wallets on the market?
  • Extra features. Does the wallet offer other features like NFT support, staking and in-wallet buying features?
  • Mobile functionality. Can you manage your portfolio on the go through a smartphone or other device?
  • Web3 accessibility. Does the wallet support access to Web3 and decentralised applications (dapps)?

Crypto wallets market update: January 2024

  • Crypto Wallet Market Research Report for 2024. According to the report, the global crypto wallet market is expected to experience significant growth from 2024 to 2031, marking a period of considerable expansion within the industry.
  • Ledger ‘Recover’ launches. Ledger has finally launched its controversial recover service for the Nano X. It involves encrypting a seed phrase and breaking it up into three pieces, each held with a different third-party custodian: Ledger, Coincover and an independent backup service provider.
  • New MetaMask security feature. MetaMask has partnered with Blockaid to add a the new Privacy Preserving Offline Module (PPOM) to the popular Web 3 wallet. It helps determine if a smart contract is malicious and sends the user a warning. It is currently an opt-in feature.
  • Over 80% of BTC wallets in profit. Research by Glassnode shows that with Bitcoin returning to $34,000, over 80% of wallets are now in profit.

James Edwards

James Edwards is the global cryptocurrency editor at Finder. He is a regular contributor to Nasdaq and is frequently called upon for market commentary in Australia and abroad.

FAQs

Can a non-custodial wallet be hacked?

Yes, non-custodial wallets can be hacked.

Software wallets are susceptible to common attacks such as phishing scams like any other internet-connected service.

No user's hardware wallet has ever been successfully hacked, but research has proven that there have been hackable flaws in the designs of some earlier iterations of hardware wallets.

What is the safest non-custodial wallet?

The safest non-custodial wallets tend to be crypto hardware wallets, as they remain mostly disconnected from the internet.

Is Coinbase a non-custodial wallet?

Coinbase offers both custodial and non-custodial wallets to its customers.

The exchange's custodial wallet is the wallet that the exchange provides to you automatically when you purchase digital assets via the Coinbase exchange.

Coinbase's non-custodial wallet is a browser extension product called Coinbase Wallet.

Unlike when you use its exchange service, Coinbase Wallet will prompt you to write down a 12- to 24-word seed phrase.

Disclaimer: Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators' websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.

Jason Loewenthal's headshot
To make sure you get accurate and helpful information, this guide has been edited by Jason Loewenthal as part of our fact-checking process.
Frank Corva's headshot
Written by

Senior analyst

Frank Corva is the senior analyst for digital assets at Finder. Frank has turned his hobby of studying and writing about crypto into a career with a mission of educating the world about this burgeoning sector of finance. He worked in Ghana and Venezuela before earning a degree in applied linguistics at Teachers College, Columbia University. He taught writing and entertainment business courses in Japan and worked with UNICEF in Namibia before returning to the States to teach at universities in New York City. He spent years as a publicist and graphic designer in the music industry, working for record labels like Warner Music Group and Triple Crown Records, and he's also a former music journalist whose writing and photography has been in published in Alternative Press, Spin and other outlets. See full bio

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