Do you think your cryptocurrency is at risk by sitting on a centralised exchange? You're not alone.
From Mt. Gox and Bitfinex to Coincheck and Bitgrail, there have been many well-publicised examples of centralised exchanges being hacked and millions of dollars worth of crypto being stolen. But there is another way to trade digital currency without entrusting your coins or tokens to a third-party exchange – decentralised exchanges.
Bitcoin, the first-ever cryptocurrency, was developed to decentralise traditional financial payments. Decentralised finance (DeFi) protocols have taken this a step further with an aim to decentralise all financial services. Within DeFi, decentralised exchanges (DEXs) aim to tackle the trust, security and permission issues associated with centralised exchanges that have been relied upon for the majority of crypto trading.
Offering peer-to-peer trading, while allowing users to retain control of their coins, decentralised exchanges offer a key security advantage over conventional platforms. As a result, they have experienced rapid growth, particularly since the 'DeFi summer' of 2020.
Below we explain how they work and what makes them so important. Our goal is to provide you with the information you need so that you can decide if decentralised exchanges offer the experience that's right for you.
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What is a decentralised exchange?
A decentralised exchange is a non-custodial exchange platform. A DEX allows users to trade cryptocurrencies directly with other investors, whilst retaining control of their funds at all times, rather than having to entrust them to an exchange provider. Decentralised exchanges achieve this by completing trades using self-executing smart contracts.
Many DEXs are built on the Ethereum blockchain, however, several have now branched out to other mainnet networks such as Binance Smart Chain, Solana or have moved to layer-2 solutions such as Loopring.
DEXs are hosted on a network of distributed nodes, which not only reduces the risk of hacking but also solves the problem of server downtime that restricts users' ability to trade. DEXs are designed to offer an open and transparent network that makes crypto trading accessible to everyone.
How is a DEX different from a centralised exchange?
Known for being easy to use, centralised exchanges allow users to purchase digital assets using fiat and allow crypto-to-crypto exchanges. They provide a simple and straightforward entry point to the cryptocurrency market and have accounted for the vast majority of crypto trading around the world.
Unlike DEXs, centralised exchanges are governed by a centralised entity and complete transactions through a third-party market maker that provides liquidity. As a result, traders must trust the centralised exchange to hold their assets securely - usually via a digital wallet native to the exchange.
When purchasing or exchanging cryptocurrencies through a centralised exchange a user only truly owns those assets once they have been transferred from the exchange to a personal wallet. Remember, if you don't have the private keys, you don't have true control of your digital assets.
For a quick rundown of the key differences between centralised and decentralised exchanges, check out the table below.
Although centralised exchanges exist in the world of cryptocurrency, by definition they provide a centralised service for exchanging decentralised cryptocurrency tokens. This can seem somewhat counter-intuitive. Decentralised exchanges aim to solve this problem, by providing a non-custodial peer-to-peer exchange service where a user remains in constant control of their digital asset private keys.
Decentralised exchanges utilise smart contracts to perform exchanges and are therefore not reliant on a third party. This means DEXs can remain open 24/7 to facilitate the trading of cryptocurrencies and offer much lower transaction fees. 'Know Your Customer' (KYC) information is also not required meaning decentralised exchanges are accessible to everyone.
To move further towards true decentralisation, many DEXs are now adopting community governance systems called decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs). This means holders of the native cryptocurrency token associated with the exchange are given governance rights to vote on platform development and direction, which ensures unbiased innovation.
Not only do DEXs provide a non-custodial platform for exchanging cryptocurrencies, but in some cases, they have also changed the face of liquidity. Liquidity is crucial to any market so that buy and sell orders can be completed. Traditionally, liquidity is provided by a centralised organisation, either a bank or market maker, via the orderbook. However, some decentralised exchanges allow individual users to provide liquidity, which is then pooled and used by other traders for exchanges. Exchange prices are then set by an automated market maker (algorithm). Unlike a centralised exchange, where profits are offered to the centralised liquidity provider, transaction profits are distributed to individual users that provided liquidity. This has opened a whole new world of cryptocurrency investment and another level of individual financial control.
Automated Market Makers
Many popular decentralised exchanges in the DeFi sector now utilise an automated market maker (AMM), or algorithm, to set exchange prices.
The AMM uses smart contracts in conjunction with global liquidity pools, which are pots of cryptocurrency assets supplied to the exchange by individuals in return for interest. The AMM uses the balance of cryptocurrency assets in a liquidity pool, for example, ETH-USDC, to set the exchange price for the pair.
When a trader comes to a DEX with ETH and wants to exchange it for USDC, the AMM will use the current balance of the ETH-USDC liquidity pool to offer the trader an exchange price. If the trader agrees, the ETH will be exchanged with USDC from the liquidity pool via smart contracts.
AMMs allow for 24/7 transactions, increased liquidity and, therefore, lower slippage in exchange prices. For a more detailed walkthrough of automated market makers dive into our guide here.
Providing liquidity to a DEX
DEXs have revolutionised the world of liquidity. By utilising global liquidity pools supplied by individuals a third party market maker is no longer required. Instead, each market (token pairing) is supplied by a collection of liquidity providers.
Liquidity providers are users that deposit liquidity (cryptocurrency assets) with an exchange so that other users can trade with them. For supplying funds, liquidity providers are rewarded. Rewards vary between exchanges but usually consist of a proportion of the transaction fees or a share of the cryptocurrency token native to the exchange.
Anyone with cryptocurrency assets can become a liquidity provider.
List of popular decentralised exchanges
The expansion of DeFi has led to huge levels of innovation and development in decentralised exchanges.
Here is a list of some of the most popular DEXs currently in the DeFi space:
Uniswap. A decentralised exchange that allows users to swap cryptocurrencies with global liquidity pools. The exchange was popularised due to its clean and user-friendly interface.
SushiSwap. A hard fork development utilising Uniswap open-source code. The SushiSwap exchange was built for community governance and pursues strong innovation ethics, developing features such as SushiBar, Onsen and BentoBox.
ThorSwap. A multichain DEX, meaning users can swap cryptocurrencies between different blockchains including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and Binance Chain.
Serum. A highly scalable DEX built on the Solana layer-2 blockchain. The exchange utilises an order book type exchange similar to centralised exchanges but can process transactions at a fraction of the speed.
PancakeSwap. The Binance Smart Chain answer to Uniswap. The decentralised exchange allows users to swap cryptocurrencies utilising global liquidity pools.
Curve Finance. A DEX focused on the exchange of stablecoins. By focusing on coins with similar volatility profiles the exchange can offer lower fees and minimal slippage.
Dydx. A DEX that offers users the ability to perform perpetual, margin and spot trades, alongside offering lending and borrowing capabilities.
1inch. A decentralised exchange/aggregator that finds the best exchange rates for users across multiple DEXs.
Kyber Network. The Kyber platform pools liquidity from decentralised exchanges, market makers and token holders to allow users to perform instant token swaps.
wavesDEX. Built on the waves open-source blockchain, WavesDEX can be used for the exchange of digital assets along with offering crowdfunding opportunities for initial coin offerings.
Pros and cons of decentralised exchanges
Pros
Non-custodial. You retain control of your funds. You don't have to trust a third party to safely manage your coins and tokens.
Accessibility. DEXs provide increased privacy to traders and do not require any KYC data. There are no transaction and withdrawal limits typically imposed by centralised exchanges.
24/7 trading. No risk of server downtime causing you to miss a trading opportunity.
Fees. Lower trading fees than centralised exchanges thanks to the introduction of atomic swaps. DEXs offer faster and more efficient trading.
Unexpected shutdowns. Their decentralised nature reduces the risk of government regulation or crackdowns.
Cons
Intimidating. Not always as easy to use as conventional exchanges and can be confusing for new users.
Advanced trading tools. Many don't yet provide advanced trading tools in comparison to the advanced platforms offered by centralised exchanges.
Variable liquidity. Liquidity varies from DEX to DEX. It is always good practice to check the liquidity of a token pair before exchanging so that you can avoid slippage.
Customer support. Customer support can be lacking on many exchanges as they do not have the large teams behind them like a centralised exchange would.
Regulation. Being decentralised by definition means the exchanges are not regulated which may concern some users.
What to consider when choosing a decentralised exchange
Decentralised exchanges vary in terms of their user-friendliness, fees, customer assistance and even the digital currencies they support. With this in mind, you'll need to thoroughly compare features before deciding on the right platform for your needs. Factors you should consider include:
Ease of use. DEXs often have a steep learning curve and can be difficult for new cryptocurrency investors to understand. Take a look at each DEX's trading interface to see how easy it will be to use.
Security features. Check for any additional security features the platform offers to help protect your funds. For example, some platforms allow you to directly link your hardware wallet to the trading contract.
Cryptocurrencies available. Which coins and tokens can you trade on the platform? Are all your desired cryptocurrencies supported, and how/when are new coins and tokens listed?
Trading volume. How much trading volume does the platform currently maintain? Is there enough liquidity to support your trading needs?
Transaction fees. Check the fine print for details of the platform's trading fees and any other charges that may apply to transactions.
Signup process. How quick and easy is it to register for an account? What details do you need to provide? Is an account even required?
User reviews. One way to get a better feel for the quality of an exchange is to check out some independent reviews. This will help you find out what sort of experience other users have had on the platform and whether they've had any problems or concerns.
By considering these factors and comparing the features of a range of platforms, you should be able to find a decentralised exchange that's right for your needs. If you want to buy or sell cryptocurrency without exposing yourself to the security risks associated with a centralised platform, it's a task well worth doing.
Risks of using a decentralised exchange
Whilst tackling some of the security and trust issues of centralised exchanges, decentralised exchanges are not without their own associated risks. These risks should be carefully evaluated before utilising any exchange.
Smart contracts. Decentralised exchanges run on smart contracts. Although innovative, smart contracts can contain bugs of code which can lead to malfunctions within the associated system. Malfunctions can result in the loss of funds within a DEX.
Hack. Like centralised exchanges, DEXs still utilise the internet to process transactions. Although secure, anything connected to the internet is always liable to attack from a malicious third party. Another target for hackers is a user's Web 3.0 digital wallet. These wallets are classified as 'hot' wallets due to the frequent connection to the internet. However, they are required for the interaction of many DEXs.
Slippage. When performing exchanges on a DEX, slippage in exchange prices may occur. Slippage is the difference between the transaction price quoted and the exchange price executed. Slippage can eat into any profits hoped to be made from a trade.
Tim Falk is a writer for Finder, writing across a diverse range of topics. Over the course of his 15-year writing career, Tim has reported on everything from travel and personal finance to pets and TV soap operas. When he’s not staring at his computer, you can usually find him exploring the great outdoors.
Impermanent loss can be an unforeseen risk when providing liquidity to DeFi. Here we explain what it is with an easy to follow example, and outline how it can be avoided.
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