Buy/sell life insurance agreements

This agreement outlines how the value of an owner's interests in a business is worked out if they pass away or become permanently disabled.

Updated May 3, 2021. What changed?

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When taking out a buy/sell life insurance agreement, business partners can purchase life insurance policies for the lives of each co-owner. In the event of the death of one co-owner, the other company owners will be paid a lump-sum benefit that's equivalent to the departing owner's interest in the business. At the same time, the deceased's family members can be compensated.

What are the key benefits of buy-sell life insurance agreements?

Some of the advantages of Buy Sell Life Insurance Agreements include:

Mutual benefit. Not only does the family of the deceased benefit through this agreement, but the company does not experience any financial loss
Extends cover to serious illness and injury. Buy-sell life insurance can also be used to cover total permanent disablement or serious medical trauma
Policies can be owned in various ways. Cover can be owned individually, cross-owned (owned on behalf of the lives of other owners), owned by super fund trustee on behalf of those insured.

Learn More About Buy Sell Agreements

Why do people have buy and sell insurance agreements in place?
Key components of a buy and sell life insurance agreement
How much cover should I obtain for a buy and sell life insurance agreement?
Determine the value of your business for the purpose of buy/sell life insurance agreement

Ownership structures of buy/sell life insurance agreements
Tax treatment for different buy/sell insurance agreements
Consider the benefits of buy and sell life insurance agreement for your business

Why do people have buy and sell insurance agreements in place?

A buy and sell agreement is an integral part of a business succession planning process. When a partner is unable to continue running the business due to death or disability, a buy and sell life insurance agreement can protect the business, especially for the surviving owners.

Buy/sell agreements can also provide cover for events other than death and disability. This can include:

Divorce or separation (if the owners are married or in a de facto relationship)
Retirement
In some cases, bankruptcy.

Key components of a buy and sell life insurance agreement

Some of the main inclusions in a typical buy/sell life insurance agreement include:

Guarantee to buy the owner’s shares. The trigger events for a buy/sell agreement are always mentioned in the agreement and all the owners offer a guarantee that the shares of an owner will be purchased if any of the trigger events occur.
Purchaser of the owner’s shares. The agreement will also mention who has to buy the shares of the departing owner. The remaining owners may be bound to purchase the shares of the departing owner, or the company itself may be required to affect a buyout of the shares.
Valuation of the departing owner’s interest in the business. One of the main features of a buy/sell agreement is the valuation of the shares of the departing owner. The interest is typically valued as per the market rate of the shares at the time the trigger event occurred. Since most businesses differ in valuations over the years, the valuation of the shares of the owners is typically reviewed and re-calculated at least once every year.
How to fund the buyout. The buyout of the shares of the departing owner is typically funded through life insurance policies on the owner’s lives. These policies generally include total and permanent disability and trauma cover in some instances.

How much cover should I obtain for a buy and sell life insurance agreement?

To determine the level of cover that you and your business partner/s may need, consider the value of each owner’s share of the business. This value amount should generally reflect the sum insured on the buy and sell life insurance agreement. It is important that the business owners review this amount on an annual basis to ensure adequate cover is in place.

For example, if the business has two owners and each has an equal share of a business with a value of $2 million, the amount insured on the life of each partner should be $1 million on a buy/sell life insurance agreement that will provide cover for death, TPD cover and possibly trauma.

Determine the value of your business for the purpose of buy/sell life insurance agreement

There are three types of valuation methods to help determine the value of your business for a buy and sell life insurance agreement:

Current market value

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) will most likely consider the validity of a business interest transfer under a buy and sell agreement when it occurs at market value. Therefore, it may be reasonable to utilise current market value as the main valuation method and it is essential that this value is up-to-date, at least on an annual basis.

Current market value with indexation

You also nominate the sums insured based on the current market value of the business and keep up with changes of business value amount overtime by having them indexed to inflation or by the anticipated growth rate of the business.

Formula-based valuation

The business owners/partners/executives can also use a different approach by using a formula-based valuation method. This formula should reflect an industry standard and appropriate for the specific business. The value of the business over the years must also be reviewed by using this formula and it is important that the business owner are subjective when assessing whether or not the result (value) is realistic.

In addition, it is essential to have the business accountant conduct additional assessment on the valuation and provide a confirmation on whether or not it is acceptable on ordinary commercial terms, which may be an underwriting requirement depending on the nominated sums insured.

Ownership structures of buy/sell life insurance agreements

When life insurance is utilised to fund a buy and sell agreement, the business owners/partners must consider an ownership structure that is appropriate to their individual situation and objectives. There are five ownership structures for buy/sell life insurance agreements and these include:

Self-ownership
Cross ownership
Corporate ownership
Discretionary trust ownership
Superannuation ownership.

1. Self-ownership

In this ownership structure, business owners hold an insurance policy on their own lives. When a trigger event occurs, the departing owner or their estate is generally required to give up their share of the business to the surviving owners. A modern buy and sell life insurance agreement often uses this type of arrangement, which is also known as a put and call option.

Pros and cons of buy/sell life insurance agreement with self-ownership

Pros	Cons
Flexibility to change the policy arrangements and to alter the arrangement should new partners join or existing owners leave the business. Life, TPD and trauma policies are generally not subject to CGT.	The buy and sell agreement must be worded carefully to ensure that it meets the desired outcomes of the parties involved. Issues may arise if the individual does not own the business assets in their own name, and instead under a third party, which could be a spouse, a company or a family trust. Business owners may pay different premium rates for their policies, where one is a much higher amount than the other.

Pros

Cons

Flexibility to change the policy arrangements and to alter the arrangement should new partners join or existing owners leave the business.
Life, TPD and trauma policies are generally not subject to CGT.

The buy and sell agreement must be worded carefully to ensure that it meets the desired outcomes of the parties involved.
Issues may arise if the individual does not own the business assets in their own name, and instead under a third party, which could be a spouse, a company or a family trust.
Business owners may pay different premium rates for their policies, where one is a much higher amount than the other.

2. Cross ownership

With this type of ownership, each shareholder owns an insurance policy on the other owners of the business. So, in the event that an owner passes away or is permanently disabled, the insurance proceeds can be used by the surviving owners to purchase the departing owner’s share of the business. A buy/sell life insurance agreement with cross ownership structure also places the requirements for the transfer without compromising the liquidity needs of the company.

Pros and cons of buy/sell life insurance agreement with cross ownership

Pros	Cons
Easier to implement with simple documentation in comparison to self-ownership. No CGT is payable on life policies.	The buy and sell agreement must be worded carefully to ensure that it meets the desired outcomes of the parties involved. Issues may arise if the individual does not own the business assets in their own name, and instead under a third party, which could be a spouse, a company or a family trust. Business owners may pay different premium rates for their policies, where one is a much higher amount than the other. If there are multiple owners in the business, the cost of owning multiple policies can be significant.

Pros

Cons

Easier to implement with simple documentation in comparison to self-ownership.
No CGT is payable on life policies.

The buy and sell agreement must be worded carefully to ensure that it meets the desired outcomes of the parties involved.
Issues may arise if the individual does not own the business assets in their own name, and instead under a third party, which could be a spouse, a company or a family trust.
Business owners may pay different premium rates for their policies, where one is a much higher amount than the other.
If there are multiple owners in the business, the cost of owning multiple policies can be significant.

3. Corporate ownership

In a buy/sell life insurance agreement with corporate ownership structure, the business partners do not own life insurance policies on each other. The corporate entity owns the insurance policies on behalf of the owners of the business. So, in the event of death or permanent disability of one of the owners, the entity will buy out the departing owner’s share of the business using the proceeds from the insurance policy.

A buy and sell agreement with corporate ownership is usually easier to put in place when there are multiple owners of a company. The company only needs to buy an insurance policy on each of the owners, rather than all the owners buying policies on each other.

It is important to note that once the company purchases the interest of the departing owner, it does not mean that the shares of the surviving owners in the business will automatically increase, as they do not buy the shares in their own names. The percentage of ownership of each surviving owner, however, will increase.

Pros and cons of buy/sell life insurance agreement with corporate ownership

Pros	Cons
Easy to understand and implement. Centralised management and payments, as the company will own all the insurance policies. Easier to add and amend insurance policies when there are changes in ownership compared to cross ownership agreement.	TPD and trauma insurance proceeds are likely to be subject to CGT. Insurance policy benefit may increase the business value, which in turn may affect the CGT liability for the surviving owners. There may be some additional tax implications on the benefit payment from the company to the departing owner.

4. Discretionary trust ownership

With discretionary trust ownership structure in a buy/sell agreement, an independent trustee of a discretionary trust, also known as bare trust, has been appointed to hold insurance policies on behalf of all of the lives insured. When a trigger event occurs, the trustee will then divide the proceeds of the policy to the continuing owners, which can be used to purchase the departing owner’s interest in the business.

Pros and cons of buy/sell life insurance agreement with discretionary trust ownership

Pros	Cons
More flexible to accommodate changes in business ownership.	Tax treatment for trust ownership is generally more complicated and it is recommended to seek professional advice from a tax specialist. CGT may be payable on TPD and trauma policy proceeds. Setting up a trust will require initial and ongoing costs.

5. Superannuation ownership

This structure can be considered as a variation of self-ownership, as the insurance policies are owned and structured through a superannuation fund, as oppose to under each of the business owners’ names.

Tax treatment for different buy/sell insurance agreements

Definitions

Key Capital Gains Tax (CGT)
A relative is generally defined as:

The insured’s spouse, including same sex de facto spouse; or
Any family member that is related by blood or an adoptive child of the insured or the spouse; or
The spouse of the blood-related or adopted family member.

Ownership type	Are premiums tax-deductible?	Tax on payouts for life insurance	Tax on payouts for TPD & Trauma	Transfer of ownership
Self/principal	No	No CGT (if the payout is used for the original beneficiary)	No CGT	Assessable for CGT even though the departing owner does not receive any payment for their share of the business.
Cross	No	No CGT (if the payout is used for the original beneficiary)	No CGT (if the benefit payment is received by relatives of the policyholder)	Assessable for CGT.
Corporate entity	Yes	Assessable for CGT	May be subject to CGT	Assessable for CGT.
Discretionary trust	No	No CGT (if the payout is used for the original beneficiary)	May be subject to CGT	Assessable for CGT.
Superannuation fund	Yes	Can depend on: Whether or not the beneficiary is a dependent How the benefit is paid - lump sum or income stream Age of the life insured The eligible service date, date of death/cease to work due to a disability, and retirement date Conditions of release for TPD benefit payment The super fund balance of the member	Can depend on Whether or not the beneficiary is a dependent How the benefit is paid - lump sum or income stream Age of the life insured The eligible service date, date of death/cease to work due to a disability, and retirement date Conditions of release for TPD benefit payment The super fund balance of the member	Assessable for CGT.

Source: moneymanagement.com.au

Consider the benefits of buy and sell life insurance agreement for your business

Uncertainties, such as death, illness, and injury, can greatly affect the financial well-being of your business. You, including your partners, are exposed to the risk of significant financial loss should the other suddenly die or become disabled. However, with a buy/sell life insurance agreement in place, you can eliminate such risk and ensure smooth business transition, even in difficult times.

Buy/sell agreement is a convenient and hassle-free solution for business owners and their loved ones while preserving the continuity of the business.

Thank you for your feedback!

Richard Laycock

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Richard Laycock is Finder’s insights editor after spending the last five years writing and editing articles about insurance. His musings can be found across the web including on MoneyMag, Yahoo Finance and Travel Weekly. When he’s not doing deep dives on data, he is testing the quality of cocktails in his newfound home of New York. Richard studied Media at Macquarie University and The Missouri School of Journalism and has a Tier 1 Certification in General Advice for Life Insurance.

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